On the tree-lined streets of affluent Kansas town Leawood, many election signs are planted in the neatly trimmed lawns: this Midwestern state is gearing up to hold the first major abortion ballot since the U.S. Supreme Court ruled canceled the federal right to abortion.

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Residents of Kansas head to the polls on Tuesday to decide whether the Constitution of this traditionally conservative state should be amended to remove the guarantee of the right to abortion.

Those in favor of the change - the "yes" supporters - say it would allow lawmakers to regulate abortion without interference from the judiciary.

“It just restores our ability to have a conversation,” argues Mackenzie Haddix, spokesperson for the “Value Them Both” movement, which seeks to end constitutional protections stemming from a 2019 Kansas Supreme Court ruling.

"The people of Kansas will then be able to unite (...) to reach a consensus," she told AFP during a rally on Saturday morning.

Banning abortion is not the official goal of the “Value Them Both” campaign.

But on the other side, activists see the constitutional amendment as a thinly veiled attempt to pave the way for a clear cut ban by the Republican-dominated local legislature, which would follow in the footsteps of at least eight other US states since the US Supreme Court's decision in June.

“Decisions about our body”

Proponents of the “no” side watch anxiously as neighboring states of Missouri and Oklahoma have imposed near-total bans (Missouri does not allow exceptions for rape or incest).

In Kansas itself, a local conservative elected official introduced a bill this year that would ban abortion without exception for rape, incest or to protect the life of the mother.

Currently, abortion is legal in Kansas up to 22 weeks of pregnancy. Parental authorization is required for minors.

"Ultimately, the amendment takes away that right to personal autonomy enjoyed by all Kansas residents," Ashley All, spokesperson for the Kansans for Kansans' "No" campaign, told AFP. Constitutional Freedom” (KCF).

“And that we are able to make decisions about our bodies, our families, our future without government interference is a right,” she added.

The vote, scheduled to coincide with a Kansas primaries, will be the first opportunity for American voters to express their views on abortion since the Supreme Court overturned its landmark 1973 Roe v. Wade.

Other states, including California and Kentucky, are due to vote on the issue in November, coinciding with midterm congressional elections in which Republicans and Democrats hope to rally their supporters around abortion.

Anne Melia, a volunteer with the KCF Abortion Rights Campaign, went door-to-door in Leawood on Thursday night to advocate for her cause.

“I don't think the government should be telling women what to do,” the 59-year-old explained.

Life “from conception”

Christine Vasquez, 43, says she plans to vote 'yes' in hopes of seeing a vote held on banning abortion in the future.

"I just want this to go to the vote of lawmakers and voters," she told AFP. "I would vote for no abortion, I think life begins at conception."

In the midst of a tense debate on abortion, the country will have its eyes riveted on Kansas on Tuesday, since the results will be synonymous with either a boost or a snub for each of the two camps.

Democrats strongly support abortion rights, while conservatives generally support at least some restrictions.

But in Kansas, the political reality is more complicated.

The state leans heavily Republican and has not voted for a Democrat in the White House since 1964.

But Kansas' most populous county elected a Democrat, Sharice Davids, to the House of Representatives in 2018, and state Governor Laura Kelly is a Democrat.

As for opinions on abortion, a 2021 survey from Fort Hays State University found that less than 20% of Kansas respondents agreed that abortion should be illegal even in cases of rape. or incest.

Half said they think the Kansas government should not impose any regulations on the circumstances in which women can have abortions.